SOME
FACTORS SURROUNDING THE CREATION OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL
As a
direct result of the Nazi persecutions, on November 29, 1947, the United
Nations General Assembly voted thirty-three to thirteen, with ten abstentions,
in favor of a Partition Plan that created the State of Israel. On the same day, the General Assembly of the
United Nations voted with a two-thirds majority to partition western Palestine
into a Jewish and an Arab state.[1]
Over seventy five percent of the land allocated to the Jews was desert.
Desperate to find a haven for the remnants of European Jewry after the Holocaust,
the Jewish population accepted the plan, which accorded them a diminished
state. The Arabs, intent on preventing any Jewish entity in Palestine, rejected
it.
On
May 14, 1948, the last British forces left Haifa, and the Jewish Agency, led by
Israel’s Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion, declared the creation of the State of
Israel, in accordance with the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan. United
States President Harry S. Truman immediately recognized the new state, followed
hours later by Soviet premier Joseph Stalin. Arab League members Egypt,
Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq declared war and announced their rejection
of the United Nations partition decision. Saudi-Arabia and Yemen also sent
forces to participate in the invasion. The latest segment in the anti Jewish
persecution was starting. This was not the first time that Muslims have
persecuted Jews. In fact because of the Muslims persecuting Jews from the
beginning of the long history of Islam they have never had a true Golden Age. [2]
In
A.D. 627 Muhammad the founder of Islam while fleeing a Meccan tribe decided to
attack the Jewish tribe of the Qurayza, which had refused to convert to Islam.
He had trenches dug in the marketplace of Medina and according to Muslim
sources beheaded between six and nine hundred Jewish men. One was reported to
have converted to Islam and his life was spared. The women, children and
property were divided among the Muslims. Jihad or holy war is a permanent state
of war for Islam and it does not include the possibility of any true peace,
ever. It has been this way from the inception of Islam and it is true today.
Only the naïve and ignorant fall victim to the untruth of “Islam being a peaceful religion.” It never
has been. [3] It
seeks world domination and will stop at nothing to achieve its ends. They would
have dominated Europe if Charles Martel had not slaughtered thousands of them
at Lyon, France, which stopped their expansion in the early eighth century.
David Ben-Gurion (1886-1973) was the State
of Israel's first prime minister (1948-1953 and 1955-1963) and defense
minister. He was born David Gruen in Plonsk (in Russia that became Poland),
October 16, 1886. At age fourteen, he became one of the founders of the Ezra
youth movement. Ben-Gurion joined the Poalei Zion (Zionist workers) movement at
age seventeen and was arrested twice during the revolution of 1905-1906. He
settled in Eretz Yisrael in 1906, first working in orange groves and wine
cellars. As a watchman and farm worker, he became convinced that true Zionism meant
settling the land. In Jerusalem in 1910, he began writing for Poalei Zion
newspaper Ahdut, along with Yitzhak Ben-Zvi and Rachel Yanait (Ben-Zvi). This
was the first time he used the name "Ben-Gurion." During World War I,
he originally favored Turkey and adoption of Ottoman citizenship. Anti-Zionist
persecution changed his mind. He and Ben-Zvi were exiled to Egypt in March
1915. Ben-Gurion went to New York where he was instrumental in preparing young
Jews to come to Palestine immediately after the war. He married Paula Munweis
in 1917. She was an integral part of everything he did until her death in 1968.
After the war, he became general secretary of the Histadrut labor federation in
1921. In 1930 he formed Mapai, the Zionist labor party; and in 1935 he became
chairman of the executive committee of the Jewish Agency for Palestine. When
Britain limited Jewish immigration to Palestine in 1939, a decade of Zionist
warfare began. Ben-Gurion was unrelenting, and finally in Tel Aviv, on May 14,
1948, he proclaimed independence for the State of Israel.
At
four o'clock in the afternoon of May 14, 1948 the members of the provisional
national council, led by David Ben-Gurion met in the Tel Aviv Art Museum.
Ben-Gurion rose and read the following proclamation:
The Land of Israel was the birthplace of the Jewish people.
Here their spiritual, religious and national identity was formed. Here they
achieved independence and created a culture of national and universal
significance. Here they wrote and gave the Bible to the world.
Exiled from Palestine, the Jewish people remained, faithful to it in all countries of their dispersion, never ceasing to pray and hope for their return and the restoration of their national freedom. . .
Exiled from Palestine, the Jewish people remained, faithful to it in all countries of their dispersion, never ceasing to pray and hope for their return and the restoration of their national freedom. . .
Accordingly we, the members of the National Council,
representing the Jewish people in Palestine and the Zionist movement of the
world, met together in solemn assemble today, the day of the termination of the
British Mandate of Palestine,
by virtue of the natural and historic right of the Jewish people and the
Resolution of the General Assembly of the United Nations, hereby proclaim the
establishment of the Jewish state in Palestine, to be called ISRAEL . With
trust in Almighty God, we set out hand to this declaration, at this session of
the Provisional State Council, in the city of Tel Aviv, on this Sabbath eve,
the fifth day of Iyar, 5708, the fourteenth day of May, 1948.
At
that time the British who were still governing Israel refused to implement the
partition plan. The British government made it plain that it would do all in
its power to prevent the birth of the Jewish state. The Abrahamic Covenant
declared that the nations that blessed Israel would be blessed and those that
cursed Israel would be cursed (Gen 12:3). It used to be said, “The sun never
set on the British Empire.” Almost immediately after this persecution of the
Jews, Britain began to lose their great worldwide empire. In section IV.B.2 of
this work we will see the full extent of the British decline.
When,
immediately after the United Nations Assembly decision, the Palestine Arabs
launched their preliminary onslaught on the Jewish community, the British Army
gave the Palestinian Arabs cover and aid, which resulted in:
Obstruction of Jewish defenses on the ground;
Blocking movement of Jewish reinforcements and supplies to
outlying settlements;
Opening the land frontiers for the entry of Arab soldiers from
the neighboring Arab states;
Maintaining a blockade in the Mediterranean and sealing the
coast and ports through which alone the outnumbered Jews could expect
reinforcements;
Handing over arms dumps to the Arabs;
Sending in forces from Malta to bomb and shell the Jewish
force when Jaffa was on the point of falling to a Jewish counterattack;
Continuing to supply the Arab states preparing to invade
across the borders with all that they asked for and making no secret of it.
In
1948, after the United Nations voted to give Israel statehood, five Arab armies
(Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon and Iraq) immediately invaded Israel. The
stated purpose of this invasion was to "push the Jews into the sea",
in other words, genocide. Assam Pasha, Secretary-General of the Arab League,
declared their intentions: "This will be a war of extermination and a
momentous massacre which will be spoken of like the Mongolian massacres and the
Crusades. “What Hitler didn't finish three years earlier, the Arabs would
finish once and for all.”[4] A
Nazi collaborator, Hajj Amin al-Husseini, led the Arabs of the former British
Mandate of Palestine. He was charged at the Nuremberg trials before escaping in
1946. Al-Husseini actively supported Hitler's aim to exterminate the Jews in
World War II.
Despite
the disadvantages in numbers, organization and weapons, the Jews began to take
the initiative in the weeks from April 1 until the declaration of independence
on May 14. The Haganah captured several major towns including Tiberius and
Haifa, and temporarily opened the road to Jerusalem. Czechoslovakia was the
only country willing to provide the Jews with weapons. Because God wanted them
to survive He allowed them to capture territory from which the Arab aggressors
attacked. Jordan captured what is now referred to as the "West Bank"
(their true Jewish names are Judea and Samaria) including the Jewish eastern
half of Jerusalem (now known as "Arab East Jerusalem"). Egypt
captured what is now known as the “Gaza Strip.” This was in ancient times known
as the land of the Philistines. Both countries murdered or expelled every Jew
who was living there at the time. During the nineteen years that Jordan and
Egypt occupied those territories (now know collectively as the "Occupied
Territories"), neither country was willing to create independent states
for the remaining Arabs (now known collectively as the
"Palestinians") residing in those territories. Instead, those regions
were plundered and allowed to rot. Jewish graves were desecrated, gravestones
were used to pave roads and build latrines, and Jewish homes were given to
Arabs. Most of these Jewish refugees
went to Israel, and in just a few years doubled Israel’s population. The
Ashkenazi Jews of Israel absorbed Arabic-speaking brethren into society. By
comparison, displaced Arabs were forced into refugee camps by their Arab
brethren and most remained there throughout the nineteen years of Arab
occupation. There was not a policy of expulsion of Arabs from Israel.
In
1949 Israel signed armistice agreements with Egypt, Syria, Lebanon and
Transjordan, (which in April 1949 changed its name to Jordan). At this time
Jordan annexed Judea and Samaria. Only Britain and Pakistan recognized this
annexation as legitimate. This region became a source of many terrorists’
attacks against Israel’s citizens. In 1945 there were about 870,000 Jews living
in the surrounding Arab countries. The Muslims call them the Dhimmi. During
1947 and 1948 the Arabs persecuted these Jews. Their personal and real property
were confiscated. Yemen Egypt, Libya, Syria and Iraq had anti-Jewish riots.
Zionism was declared to be a capital crime in Iraq. Approximately 600,000
Jewish refugees left the Arab states and were welcomed into Israel by the
Ashkenazi Jews living there at that time. The Jews became full citizens of
Israel. Due to the wishes of their Arab leaders the Arabs in Israel did not
become citizens but remained in internment camps and remained “refugees.”
Having
lost in battle, Palestinian Arab terrorist groups, called "Fedayeen",
began systematic raids against the Israeli civilian population. Thirteen
hundred Israelis were killed and wounded by Arab terrorists between 1949 and
1956.[5]
The "Fedayeen" operated from bases located in and controlled by
Egypt, Lebanon and Jordan.
The
next stage of persecution was the Suez Crisis, also known as the Suez War or
Suez Campaign. This was a 1956 war fought on Egyptian territory. The conflict
pitted Egypt against three allied nations, France, the United Kingdom and
Israel. The alliance between the France and the United Kingdom and Israel was
largely one of economic security; the European nations had economic and trading
interests in the Suez Canal, while Israel wanted to open the canal for Israeli
shipping. All three interests were financial. By the conclusion of the war,
only Israel realized positive gains. The roots of the crisis extend back to
1952, when officers in the Egyptian army overthrew the monarchy under King
Farouk. Abandoning policies, which were co-operative with European powers, the
new government desired to undertake a more nationalistic and assertive stance.
This led to conflict with Israel and the European powers over the Suez Canal.
Throughout
1956, conflict increased between Israel and Egypt, with Israel launching
frequent incursions into Egyptian territory and Egypt increasingly defending
itself. Egypt, under the leadership of President Gamal Abdul Nasser, blockaded
the Gulf of Aqaba and closed the Suez Canal to Israeli shipping. At the same
time, Egypt nationalized the canal, a vital trade route to the east, in which
British banks and business held a forty four percent investment. Through the
nationalization process the Egyptians usurped title to the canal. They of
course believed it was their right to do so. The British Prime Minister of the time
Anthony Eden needed to persuade the British public of the need for war and
compared Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal with the industrial and
commercial nationalization of businesses under Mussolini and Hitler twenty years
earlier.
On
October 29th, Israel invaded the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula and made
rapid progress towards the Canal Zone. As per the agreement, Britain and France
offered to reoccupy the area and separate the warring armies. Nasser (whose
nationalization of the company had been greeted with delirium by Egyptian
crowds) refused the offer, which gave the European powers a pretext for a joint
invasion to regain control of the canal and topple the Nasser regime. The
campaign progressed as planned at first, but the European forces never reached
the canal itself. Although Israel captured the Gaza Strip in the course of the
war, the whole episode is usually regarded in Britain as an embarrassment. Eden
was forced to resign because of a combination of ill health and opposition from
Labor and his own party over the invasion of Egypt. [6]
The
invading forces were forced to withdraw in March 1957 under pressure from the
United States, which saw good relations with the third world as being more
important than defending Anglo-French interests. Perhaps more significantly,
the United States also feared a wider war after the Soviet Union's offer to
intervene on the Egyptian side. After the withdrawal, the United Nations
established the UN Emergency Force (UNEF) to keep peace in the area. There were
a few thousand casualties, mostly Egyptian, many civilian. It is interesting to
note that the super powers of the United States and the Soviet Union injected
themselves into this issue. The campaign therefore broadened and took on a
larger scope than the regional conflict it started out to be. The crisis
greatly improved Nasser's stature within the international Arab communities. It
also hastened the process of decolonization as the remaining colonies of both
Britain and France become independent over the next several years. In a way, it
also marked the end of the British Empire as expressly stated in the Abrahamic
Covenant. And I will bless them that bless thee, and curse him that curseth
thee: and in thee shall all families of the earth be blessed.
(Gen 12:3). The crisis realized the transfer of
power to the new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union.
On
May 15, 1967 Nasser ordered a blockade of the Strait of Tiran. This blockade
cut off Israel’s southern access to the Red Sea and beyond. By May 31,1967
Egypt had moved 100,000 troops, one thousand tanks, and five hundred heavy guns
into the Sinai. By June 4, Arab forces outnumbered Israel three to one as they
poised on Israel’s borders. This was Israel’s Six Day War and it was fought on
three fronts, against three countries, in three overlapping stages. In the
south, Israel engaged and defeated the Egyptians. In the central region, Israel
engaged and defeated the Jordanians. In the north, Israel engaged and defeated
the Syrians. In each of these theaters, Israel gained significant territory
that would serve as its own buffers in future years.
On
the morning of June 5,1967 the Israeli Air Force destroyed almost the entire
Egyptian Air Force (more than three hundred planes) in less than three
hours. Israel’s armored divisions, under
the leadership of General Ariel Sharon, also launched a lightning attack on the
same day. More than eight hundred Egyptian tanks had been destroyed, and
thousands of soldiers were taken as prisoners of war. Nasser later acknowledged
that eighty percent of Egypt’s Russian-supplied military equipment had been
lost in the Sinai debacle. Finally, at 8:00 p.m. on June 8, Nasser accepted a
cease-fire.
From
1948 to 1967, Jerusalem was a divided city. The Arab Legion of Jordan had
occupied East Jerusalem, including the Old City, since the War of Independence.
The Jordanian troops had decimated the Jewish Quarter of the Old City, blowing
up its synagogues and destroying every vestige of Jewish life there. During the
initial battles with Egypt, Israel actually notified King Hussein that it had
no intention of attacking his country. Hussein, however, believed Nassar’s lies
and joined the Arabs. When the Arab Legion began to shell Western Jerusalem,
the Israelis swiftly counterattacked, with success. Paratroopers landed and
attacked from the Mount of Olives, entering the Lion Gate from the east. Israel
was careful to minimize the use of artillery, which could have made their
attack much easier with less loss of life. This was done out of respect for the
numerous holy sites within the ancient walls. By June 8, Israeli troops were
gazing at Herod’s stones of the Western Wall. Although Jerusalem was the
central prize, Israel also captured in those four fierce days the areas of
biblical Judea and Samaria. (Now called the West bank) These are not only the
sites of biblical Jerusalem, but also the ancient towns of Shechem, Shiloh,
Bethel, Bethlehem, and Hebron.
Egypt’s
ally in the north was Syria. From their heavily fortified bunkers and miles of
trenches along the Golan Heights, Syrian gunners had harassed the Jewish
farmers and fishermen of the Huleh Valley and Sea of Galilee for nineteen
years. The problem for the Israelis was that the Syrians literally held the
high ground, and their Russian sponsors had helped them to fortify it well.
With Syria also threatening Israel’s destruction, the army saw an opportunity
to end this threat to its northern citizens once and for all. The battle for
the Golan was difficult. This was not a desert, like the Sinai, where tanks
could maneuver easily. Furthermore, the Syrians had planted numerous mines to
deter any Israeli response to its constant shelling. The Air Force prepared the
way by landing paratroopers behind the Syrian lines. Finally, Israeli
bulldozers were able to clear the way so the armored units could batter the
Syrian troops and drive them deep into the Golan. Syria accepted a cease-fire
on June 10, 1967
Although
it was an amazing military victory, the Six Day War left more than seven
hundred Israelis dead and more than twenty five hundred wounded. Although
figures were never officially released, Arab casualties were conservatively
estimated at fifteen thousand. The Six Day War established Israel as a major
military power, but it unexpectedly cast it in the role of
"occupier", a burden that has proven hard to bear for forty-three
years. Israel eventually returned the Sinai to Egypt (after another war in
1973), when President Sadat finally acknowledged their legitimate existence. Israel remains in control of the Golan
Heights, unwilling to see it return to a nest of bunkers and artillery
positions. On the other hand, Israel is under great pressure to return most of
the West Bank, those areas of biblical Judea and Samaria. Israel does not trust
the Palestine Liberation Organization to oversee such a "Palestinian
State" in light of its murderous record of terrorism.
In
March 1969, still humiliated by the 1967 defeat, Egypt launched a War of
Attrition against Israeli forces in the Sinai with intense artillery fire
against Israel’s “Bar-Lev Line” on the east bank of the Suez Canal. After large
losses in May, June and July 1969, Israel responded with air raids into Egypt.
Nasser, in response, appealed to the Soviet Union for aid and on March 19, 1970
Soviet missile batteries were installed in Egypt near the Canal. Moscow in
addition to supplying weapons also participated in the war effort operating
weapons for the Egyptians. Intense United States pressure led to a cease-fire
on August 7, 1970 with plans to put into effect a United States plan for peace
in the region based on land for peace.
However, the cease fire, which called for a freeze on the situation in the
Canal (no movement of either troops or military equipment) was breached by
Egypt’s movement forward of forces on the same day it came into effect. Israel
responded by suspending her participation in negotiations until the situation,
which had prevailed on the eve of the signing of the ceasefire agreement, was
restored. The peace plan was never implemented.
In
an effort to force Israel to surrender captured lands, Egypt and Syria jointly
attacked Israel on October 6, 1973, on Yom Kippur, the holiest day of the
Jewish calendar. Other Muslim states contributed troops and financial support.
Caught by surprise, Israel suffered severe losses in human life and equipment.
Following an Egyptian refusal to accept a cease-fire and a Soviet airlift to
the Muslim states, the United States sent an airlift to Israel enabling a
recovery from earlier setbacks. Saudi Arabia then led the Arab world in an oil
embargo imposed on the United States and other western nations.
In
the years following the 1973 war, Israel's enemies realized that they could not
defeat Israel on the battlefield. Churchill realized this many years earlier as
he wrote of the Jews military superiority when he was Britain’s Prime Minister
in a memo to General Ismay on January 25, 1944. [7] Therefore
they turned to diplomatic warfare and sought to weaken Israel's international
diplomatic position. Due to pressure from the Muslim world, most African and
third world countries broke diplomatic relations with Israel. In 1975, the
Soviet-Muslim-Third World bloc at the United Nations succeeded in passing the
infamous "Zionism equals racism" General Assembly resolution. This was an attempt to delegitimize the right
of the Jewish people to return to their ancestral homeland. The resolution was
not revoked until December 1991.
S.A.A.
Maududi a Muslim wrote the following words in Jihad in Islam in 1991.
Islam
wishes to destroy all States and Governments anywhere on the face of the earth,
which are opposed to the ideology and program of Islam. Islam requires the
earth - not just a portion, but the whole planet." And that God's Law
(Shariah) should be enforced in the world "by force of arms." Truth
cannot be confined within geographical borders. "The allegiance of a
Muslim does not rest on his domicile in the country which is his, but on the
faith to which he belongs ... wherever there is the rule of Islam, there is his
own country.[8]
The
great expansion of Islam in the short time after its inception was mostly because
of the military efforts of the new faith. Their conversion “by the sword” had
great success on their expansion efforts. They had almost unbridled success
until Charles Martel stopped them in 732 A.D., just one hundred years after the
death of Mohammed. His victory over Abd-ar-Rahman at the battle of Tours
stopped Muslim expansion into Europe.[9] A
great many verses of the Koran [10]
enjoin on Moslems to take up arms against polytheists, unbelievers and
hypocrites. The words used in expressing this commandment are “Qital” (slaying,
warfare) and “Jihad" (going forth to fight in the holy war). This latter
word is more typical as its original meaning is striving with might and main;
and, as will be seen, the dedication of maximum effort to the holy undertaking
characterizes the commandment. Although the wording of one verse (Sura II.186)
implies that fighting is justified when the enemy has attacked first, this is
by no means the general rule. Nor is there any substance in the argument which
is sometimes advanced to the effect that Jihad should be understood primarily
in the sense of moral endeavor and self-discipline in the cause of service to
Islam, and only secondarily in that of holy war. The verses quoted below will
show that the emphasis is distinctly on warring against non-believers in order to propagate Islam and command to fight will
receive a promise of rewards:
“Who is he that will loan to God a beautiful loan which God
will double to their credit and multiply many times?” (Sura II.245-246). “Allah
has given those that fight with their goods and their persons a higher rank
than those who stay at home. He has promised all a good reward, but far richer
is the recompense of those who fight for Him; rank of His own bestowal,
forgiveness and mercy” (Sura IV. 97). “Those who believe, suffer exile and
strive with might and main in God's cause with their goods and their persons
have the highest rank in the sight of God” (Sura IX.20). 'Those who...fought in
the path of God have the hope of the mercy of God...' (Sura II.215). Those who
fall on the battlefield in the course of holy war become martyrs. “Those
that...fought and died for My cause shall be forgiven their sins and admitted
to gardens watered by running streams...” (Sura III.194). “Think not of those
who are slain in God's way as dead; they are alive and well provided for by
their Lord” (Sura III.163 and Sura II.149). “As for those who are slain in the
cause of Allah, He will not allow their works to perish...He will admit them to
the Paradise He has made known to them” (Sura XLVII.5).
Other
verses show God's displeasure with those who shirk their duty of fighting. “And
how should you not fight in the cause of Allah and for the helpless...?” (Sura IV.77). Except for a few verses which
are revealed with reference to particular events such as the battles of Badr
and Uhud, all the texts concerning Qital and Jihad have the same point; the
obligation to engage in holy warfare is meant to persist, in the words of the
Koran cited above, until God's (Islam’s view) religion reigns supreme.
Therefore, it follows that the prescriptions concerning holy war place the
Islamic community in a situation of constant hostility towards the non-Moslem
world. Jihad began with Mohammad and it is still being carried out through the
Intifada, which continues to this day. In short Jihad is a state of permanent
war and it does not have the possibility of true peace. [11]
The
term Intifada is an Arabic name for “shaking off.” It refers to an uprising in
the so-called Palestinian territories starting in 1987.[12]
It involves demonstrations, strikes, riots and general violence performed in
both the Gaza Strip (ancient Philistia) and the West Bank (Ancient Judea &
Samaria). There are three principal groups behind the Intifada; Islamic Jihad,
The Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) and Hamas. Hamas and Islamic
Jihad both call for an independent State for the Palestinians within the
borders of Israel. PLO’s goal is to organize terrorist attacks on Israel. These
three groups have been the seedbeds of violence directed against the Israelis
since they were established. The violence will continue until the Lord removes
the Muslim nations from the earth along with the Germans and the Russians when
He brings the coalition invasion against Israel led by Gog of Russia.
Daniel E. Woodhead Ph.D.
[1] Laqueur, Walter , ed. The Arab-Israeli Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East
Conflict. New York: Bantam Books, 1969, 113.
[2] Trifkovic, Serge. The
Golden Age of Islam is a Myth. Boston, MA: Regina Orthodox Press, Inc.,
2002. 193
[3] Ye’or, Bat. The
Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam. Cranbury, NJ: Associated
University Press, 1985. 44, 46
[4] Sachar, Howard M.
A History of Israel from the Rise
of Zionism to Our Time: 2nd Edition. New York: A Borzoi Book ,
1976. Reprint Alfred A. Knoff, Inc.,1996, 333.
[5] Ibid., 450.
[6] Brendon, Piers. The
Decline and Fall of the British Empire. New York: Alfred A. Knopf of Random
House, 2007, 503
[7] Churchill, Winston, S. Closing the Ring:. The Second
World War. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1953. Reprint Norwalk, CT:
The Easton Press, 1989. 689
[8] Maududi, S.A.A. Jihad
in Islam, Lahore 1991 (accessed July 20, 2008) http://www.peacefaq.com/jihad.html; Internet
[9] Britannica, Encyclopedia A New survey of Universal Knowledge, Published by William Benton
Chicago, London, Toronto & Geneva 1962 Vol IV pg 293
[10] Atberry, R.J. The Koran Interpreted, Published by
Simon & Schuster, New York, NY 1955, throughout book
[11] Ye’or, Bat. The
Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam. Cranbury, NJ: Associated
University Press, 1985. 46
[12] Price, Randall. Unholy
War; America, Israel and Radical Islam. Eugene, OR. Harvest House 2001. 66
